Juxtaposition2-"How Mergers Go Wrong"

In last week, lecturer taught us about some part in the topic of Juxtaposition which is analogy(metaphor & similes).

In the part two of Juxtaposition, we learn "how mergers go wrong", which we given two categories of animal and we need to choose two to combine it, the combination we get must be can't survive animal. In others word, we must come out with the 'impossible' combination.

For me, I choose the head of a fish with the body of a chicken. In common sense, we know that fish can't survive without water and in the other side, chicken can't live in water. So if this combination of animal exist, they couldn't survive because they can't breath either in water or land.




Exercise for the day....

Describe the concept of "love" by using chili as the reference.


I love you like chili.
It's hot when I get close to you.
The color of chili represent the live relationship between us.
I can't forget you after the first taste on you.
I've been addicted to you deeply.
I love you like chili.





Describe the concept of "life" by using candle as the reference.


Life is like a candle.
It can be light or dark and it's depends on ourselves.
Our fate are in control in our own hands.
The candle light represent the happiness or sad in our life.
It's bright and sharp when we are happy, and it's dark when we are sad.
The 'hot' come out from the candle is like the passion of our life.





Describe the concept of "Pain" by using Ice-cream as the reference.



Pain is like an ice-cream.
You feel sweet and cold at the begining,
But then you'll suffer the pain at the end(for eg:stomachache, cough, flu because eat too much)
It just like human tends to addicted with something and can't stop doing that...
But at last, they will suffer the pain of it...







Describe the concept of "Love or Life" .

Love is like a cup of coffee.
It can be either bitter or sweet and it's depends on how we want it to be.
It just like a love relationship.
There are quarrel and sweet as well.
Besides the taste of the coffee, we concern about the temperature of the coffee too.
It's about hot and cold.
Hot is just like the lovestruck period in a relationship.
And cold is when they are in cold war which means quarrel between the couple.



Describe the concept of "Happiness" .

Happiness is just like a little cute cat.
Happiness can be as innocent as a cat.
Happiness can be very simple without any decoration or cheat.
Happiness can be as smooth as the cat's fur.




Describe the concept of "Love or Pain" .

Love is like a cat with a little chicken.
They can be kind and love to each other even though they are different kind of animals.
They try to embrace each others to show their love.
They also interdependence to each others in every aspect so that they can live together with comfy and cozy.





Describe the concept of "Man and Woman".

Juxtaposition

Juxtaposition was a strange word for me, this is the first time I know about this word. Based on our lecturer, Juxtaposition can be defined as placing two variable, side by side and their contrast or similarity are shown through comparison. Many creative processes rely on juxtaposition. By juxtaposing two objects or words next to each other, human brain will automatically associate or transfer meaning. Usually 'turning' something familiar to something less familiar or vice versa. Below is the slide given in the lecture...

Analogy is a cognitive process of transferring information from a particular subject (the analogue or source) to another particular subject (the target), and a linguistic expression corresponding to such a process. In a narrower sense, analogy is an inference or an argument from one particular to another particular, as opposed to deduction, induction, and abduction, where at least one of the premises or the conclusion is general. The word analogy can also refer to the relation between the source and the target themselves, which is often, though not necessarily, a similarity, as in the biological notion of analogy.

Analogy plays a significant role in problem solving, decision making, perception, memory, creativity, emotion, explanation and communication. It lies behind basic tasks such as the identification of places, objects and people, for example, in face perception and facial recognition systems. It has been argued that analogy is "the core of cognition".[1] Specific analogical language comprises exemplification, comparisons, metaphors, similes, allegories, and parables, but not metonymy. Phrases like and so on, and the like, as if, and the very word like also rely on an analogical understanding by the receiver of a message including them. Analogy is important not only in ordinary language and common sense, where proverbs and idioms give many examples of its application, but also in science, philosophy and the humanities. The concepts of association, comparison, correspondence, mathematical and morphological homology, homomorphism, iconicity, isomorphism, metaphor, resemblance, and similarity are closely related to analogy. In cognitive linguistics, the notion of conceptual metaphor may be equivalent to that of analogy.Analogy has been studied and discussed since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists and lawyers. The last few decades have shown a renewed interest in analogy, most notable in cognitive science.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogy

Analogy is a typographic clock which fuses the immediacy of digital with the visual-spatial quality of analogue into a hybrid format. It presents an everyday object with a fresh twist. (By Jesson Yip)

http://www.jessonyip.com/analogy/

Now, let's discuss about the two categories under analogy which is metaphor and similes.

This is the image I found on web that describe about metaphor.

The opposable thumb, the awareness of death, and the use of metaphor separates homo sapiens from the rest of species that wander our planet. We use metaphor in all parts of our existence, signs, icons, brand names, nicknames, and countless conversational expressions that are so completely integrated into the way we use language that we long ago stopped viewing them as metaphor.

Metaphor in writing can be a wonderful pleasure, or a horrible trap. We take pleasure when a story gives us a powerful metaphoric reference filled with implicit associations that deepen and strengthen our story.

Unfortunately, trying to sustain metaphor throughout a story, or the mixing of metaphor, can immediately send the work down a slippery slope and backfire on you (ugh). Poetic urges in storytelling should be rooted in the organic voice of the teller. Listening to an Irish lass talk about her dog standing in a field can be as poetically charged as a reading of a published poet at your local bookstore. But many of us are not raised in cultures that lapse into metaphor with a delicate ease. Don't work too hard at finding a large or small metaphor to enhance your story, let it come when it comes.

http://www.storycenter.org/canada/metaphor.html

Below are the examples that use 'similes' techniques:

As bold as brass
As brave as a lion
As bright as a button
As bright as day
As bright as the sun
As busy as a bee
As busy as a cat on a hot tin roof
As calm as a millpond
As clear as a bell
As clean as a hound's tooth
As clean as a whistle
As clear as crystal
As clear as mud
As cold as ice
As common as dirt
As cool as a cucumber
As crazy as a loon
As cunning as a fox
As dull as dishwater
As easy as A.B.C.
As easy as pie
As fast as a racecar
As fat as a hippo
As fat as a pig
As fit as a fiddle
As flat as a pancake
As free as a bird
As fresh as a daisy
As merry as a cricket
As modest as a maiden
As much use as a yard of pump water
As naked as a baby
As neat as a pin
As pleased as Punch
As poor as a church mouse
As poor as dirt
As pretty as a picture
As proud as a peacock
As pure as snow
As pure as the driven snow
As quick as a wink
As quick as lightning
As quick as silver
As quiet as a mouse
As rich as gold
As right as rain
As round as a barrel
As safe as houses
As scarce as hen's teeth
As sensitive as a flower
As silent as the grave
As wise as Solomon
As wise as an owl
Worked as hard as an alabama cottonpicker

http://www.saidwhat.co.uk/spoon/similes.php

Today exercise was, we are given 20 of differents word, choose 3 number we like from 00 to 99, then relate to the words given then make a sentence and illustrate of the words we combined. The words are :


And the number i choose are 07,17 and 40.
Which is 07-Fly Tree ; 17-Flower Tree ; 40-Light head

Associated Mind Mapping

Our class activity for today is "mortal and pestle", which is we are given some words and we have to choose 3 of the word and imagine the function of it if apply on a mortal and pestle.

Mind Mapping...

Mind mapping was developed by Tony Buzan. A mind map is a diagram used to represent words idea, task or other items linked to and arrange around a central keyword or idea. It helps us think and remember better, creatively solve problem and take action. Basically, there are two types of mind mapping which is Logical Mindmapping Associates Mindmapping. The Logical Mind Map is directly connected to stereotypes. The Logical mind map comprises of solely stereotype words. Stereotypes are standardized and simplified conceptions of groups, based on some prior assumptions. There are some rules for logical mindmapping such as the subject must located at the central of the page and dominant than the rest of the words, try to have different colors in different categories, use drawings and images to make the mind map more interesting, and the mind map should be shaped like the roots of a tree(branching out from a center)


Here are some example of mind map shown by our lecturer in class...












This pictures is our class exercise.
We need to illustrate our family structure using mind map.






Below are the definition and information that I found on web.


The elements of a given mind map are arranged intuitively according to the importance of the concepts, and are classified into groupings, branches, or areas, with the goal of representing semantic or other connections between portions of information. Mind maps may also aid recall of existing memories. By presenting ideas in a radial, graphical, non-linear manner, mind maps encourage a brainstorming approach to planning and organizational tasks. Though the branches of a mindmap represent hierarchical tree structures, their radial arrangement disrupts the prioritizing of concepts typically associated with hierarchies presented with more linear visual cues. This orientation towards brainstorming encourages users to enumerate and connect concepts without a tendency to begin within a particular conceptual framework. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map






And this is the homework given by our lecturer, which is draw a mind map of the thing we like.
I illustrate how to make a cake.

Novelty, Creativity, Innovation and Invention

The lecture for today is about 'Novelty, Creativity, Innovation and Invention'.

Basically, Novelty is the quality of being new, it means something new. Novelty can divide to two part which is objective and subjective. Subjective novelty is the perception of something as being new by an individual person or a group of persons. Objective novelty is something that is new for all humanity in its development through ages. It is unlikely, however, that even the most knowing and knowledgeable person boldly say that he knows everything that was before and take liberty to judge things from this standpoint.

(Although it may be said to have an objective dimension (e.g. a new style of art coming into being, such as abstract art or impressionism) it essentially exists in the subjective perceptions of individuals.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty

Description of Appeal to Novelty

Appeal to Novelty is a fallacy that occurs when it is assumed that something is better or correct simply because it is new. This sort of "reasoning" has the following form:

1. X is new.
2. Therefore X is correct or better.

This sort of "reasoning" is fallacious because the novelty or newness of something does not automatically make it correct or better than something older. This is made quite obvious by the following example: Joe has proposed that 1+1 should now be equal to 3. When asked why people should accept this, he says that he just came up with the idea. Since it is newer than the idea that 1+1=2, it must be better.

This sort of "reasoning" is appealing for many reasons. First, "western culture" includes a very powerful committment to the notion that new things must be better than old things. Second, the notion of progress (which seems to have come, in part, from the notion of evolution) implies that newer things will be superior to older things. Third, media advertising often sends the message that newer must be better. Because of these three factors (and others) people often accept that a new thing (idea, product, concept, etc.) must be better because it is new. Hence, Novelty is a somewhat common fallacy, escpecially in advertising.

It should not be assumed that old things must be better than new things (see the fallacy Appeal to Tradition) anymore than it should be assumed that new things are better than old things. The age of thing does not, in general, have any bearing on its quality or correctness (in this context).

Obviously, age does have a bearing in some contexts. For example, if a person concluded that his day old milk was better than his two-month old milk, he would not be committing an Appeal to Novelty. This is because, in such cases the newness of the thing is relevant to its quality. Thus, the fallacy is committed only when the newness is not, in and of itself, relevant to the claim. http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/appeal-to-novelty.html

Examples of Appeal to Novelty

A professor is lecturing to his class.

Prof: "So you can see that a new and better morality is sweeping the nation. No longer are people with alternative lifestyles ashamed. No longer are people caught up in the outmoded moralities of the past."
Student: "Well, what about the ideas of the the great thinkers of the past? Don't they have some valid points?"
Prof: "A good question. The answer is that they had some valid points in their own, barbaric times. But those are old, mouldy moralities from a time long gone. Now is a time for new moralities. Progress and all that, you know."
Student: "So would you say that the new moralities are better because they are newer?"
Prof: "Exactly. Just as the dinosaurs died off to make way for new animals, the old ideas have to give way for the new ones. And just as humans arebetter than dinosaurs, the new ideas are better than the old. So newer is literally better."
Student: "I see." http://www.nizkor.org/features/fallacies/appeal-to-novelty.html

Innovation and Invention

• Invention if the formulation of new ideas for products or processes
• Innovation is all about the practical application of new inventions into marketable products or services

Most of us have visions of mad inventors who come up with ideas with no practical use! Like everything else in Business Studies, we are interested in activities that actually help a firm meet its objectives, such as growth, profitability, increased market share or stability – so it is Innovation, rather than Invention, that really counts.

Innovations can fall into one of two categories:

Product (or service) innovation

As the name suggests, this is all about launching new or improved products (or services) on to the market.

Advantages might include (note links to marketing)

• ‘First mover advantage’ – which can include some of the following;
• Higher prices and profitability
• Added value
• Opportunity to build early customer loyalty
• Enhanced reputation as an innovative company
• Public Relations – e.g. news coverage
• Increased market share

Process Innovation

This has to do with finding better or more efficient ways of

• producing existing products, or
• delivering existing services.

Advantages might include:

• Reduced costs
• Improved quality
• More responsive customer service
• Greater flexibility

Possible drawbacks

• Loss of jobs, especially if work is outsourced
• Need for re-training of workers

http://tutor2u.net/business/production/invention-and-innovation.htm

The Difference Between Innovation And Invention

For all the talk about protecting innovation, we've often pointed out that the patent system seems to do the exact opposite -- making it more difficult for those who are actually innovating, while giving money to those who haven't done anything at all. Last year, Michael Schrage wrote an interesting piece pointing out the very important differences between invention and innovation, where he noted that innovation is more important -- but the patent system is more about protecting invention. Basically, plenty of people or companies who "invented" an idea were never able to capitalize on the idea at all. It took others who actually innovated and built off that idea to make a product that actually had an impact on the world. Helping to prove that point are a bunch of example cases where the initial inventor of something wasn't the one to make it valuable. In a market driven economy, the real winner is the company that can make something valuable through innovation -- not the inventor who happens to come up with something that the market may or may not want.

http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20050322/1528251.shtml

First day of class and Defining creativity...

First day of class
The first day of class for creative studies is just explain to us what is this subject for and about the assignment and the flow of this class will be. For this class, we have two lecturer which is Mr.Radzi and Mr.Halim.
Mr. Radzi is such a active lecturer which he will go around while he is giving his lecturer. No doubt that, he make the lecture more attractive and interesting.
For me, this subject is purpose to blaze out our creativity and thinking as well.








The second lecture is 'Defining creativity'. Firstly, Mr. Halim give us a brief explanation on 'creativity', he explain the meaning of the word 'creativity'. Basically, creativity is about 'thinking' and it divided to two basic categories which is thinking and intelligent and thinking as a skill and the further elaboration as well. Mr.Halim also brief us about the myth of creativity.

Below are some of the explanation that I found on web.

http://www.creativityatwork.com/articlesContent/whatis.htm

By Linda Naiman - "I define creativity as the act of turning new and imaginative ideas into reality. Creativity involves two processes: thinking, then producing. Innovation is the production or implementation of an idea. If you have ideas, but don't act on them, you are imaginative but not creative."

“Creativity is the process of bringing something new into being...creativity requires passion and commitment. Out of the creative act is born symbols and myths. It brings to our awareness what was previously hidden and points to new life. The experience is one of heightened consciousness–ecstasy.”
— Rollo May, The Courage to Create

“A product is creative when it is (a) novel and (b) appropriate. A novel product is original not predictable. The bigger the concept, and the more the product stimulates further work and ideas, the more the product is creative.”
— Sternberg & Lubart, Defying the Crowd

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity

Creativity is a mental and social process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts. Creativity is fueled by the process of either conscious or unconscious insight. An alternative conception of creativeness (based on its etymology) is that it is simply the act of making something new.



http://members.optusnet.com.au/charles57/Creative/Basics/definitions.htm

"Being creative is seeing the same thing as everybody else but thinking of something different"

There are many aspects to creativity, but one definition would include the ability to take existing objects and combine them in different ways for new purposes. For example, Gutenberg took the wine press and the die/punch and produced a printing press. Thus, a simple definition of creativity is the action of combining previously uncombined elements. From art, music and invention to household chores, this is part of the nature of being creative. Another way of looking at creativity is as playing with the way things are interrelated. Creativity is the ability to generate novel and useful ideas and solutions to everyday problems and challenges.

Creativity involves the translation of our unique gifts, talents and vision into an external reality that is new and useful. We must keep in mind that creativity takes place unavoidably inside our own personal, social, and cultural boundaries.

The more we define our creativity by identifying with specific sets of values, meanings, beliefs and symbols, the more our creativity will be focused and limited; the more we define our creativity by focusing on how values, meanings, beliefs and symbols are formed, the greater the chance that our creativity will become less restricted.

In the creative process there are always two different (but interrelated) dimensions or levels of dynamics with which one can create:

• The system which may be a particular medium (e.g. oil painting or a particular musical form), or a particular process (like a problem solving agenda, or an approach to creativity like Synectics). The creative person manipulates that means to a creative end.
• The second dimension is described by the conceptual "content" which the medium describes. Again, the creative person depicts, changes, manipulates, expresses somehow the idea of that content.

There is no one definition of creativity that everyone can agree with. Creativity researchers, mostly from the field of psychology, usually claim that being creative means being novel and appropriate. Subsumed under the appropriateness criterion are qualities of fit, utility, and value.

At least three aspects of creativity have drawn much attention.

• The creative process, receiving the most attention, focuses on the mechanisms and phases involved as one partakes in a creative act.
• A second aspect of creativity is the creative person. Here, personality traits of creative people are central. The environmental atmosphere and influence are concerns of a third aspect, the creative situation.
• Lastly, the criteria or characteristics of creative products have been sought. This area is of particular importance because it is the basis of any performance assessment of real world creativity and may provide a window on the other aspects of creativity.

http://www.uwsp.edu/Education/lwilson/creativ/define.htm

Example: Creativity is like a cat chasing its tail.

In the act of creating or in solving problems in creative ways we often go round and round in endless circles wanting to pounce on an idea. Sometimes the answer or solution is right before our eyes but we can't see it. In order to find the solution, find the missing piece, solve the problem, we need to just look at something familiar in a new and different way.

That's all for this lecture.